Evolution Korea
South Korea's democratic system is susceptible to populist impulses. However, 에볼루션사이트 is more stable than one would expect.
The country is looking for a new way of developing. A Confucian culture that stresses respect for the ancestors and gendered family relationships continues to influence the society. But there are signs that a secular culture is emerging.
Origins
In the prehistoric era the ancestors of modern Koreans lived on hunting and gathering wild food. Around 10,000 years ago they began to cultivate millet, beans, and other crops. They also raised livestock and made furs. They also established tribal states in succession in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also established a metallurgy industry, producing bronze and later iron tools. They traded with other countries and introduced block and celadon printing to Japan along with styles of art, a written language, and paper making.
Gojoseon was established in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. The state adopted Chinese culture that included Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. In this time, the inhabitants of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon had a hierarchical structure with a monarch and top officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy, while the majority of the population was peasants. The state collected taxes from these citizens and often required them to fight in the army or work on projects of the government, like building fortifications.
At the close of this period, the state of Baekje was established by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and was the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. The new kingdom grew into the southwest region of the peninsula, and fought against the Goguryeo commanderies and China's in the area. Baekje incorporated aspects of Confucian thought into its state beliefs and made the male centered concept of filiopiety as a law in 1390 CE. In the name of filiopiety, fathers were responsible for their families and they must be revered and obeyed by all, including their grandchildren and children.
Goryeo, who ruled from 918 until 1392 CE introduced the world to the Hangul alphabet based on the shapes made by the mouth when it was pronounced. This dramatically improved communication between people and led to an explosion in the writing of Buddhist texts. Woodblock printing and movable metal type were also refined. In 1145 CE, the Samguk Sagi, or "History of the Three Kingdoms" was the first to be recorded.
Evolution in Korea
The Korean peninsula was inhabited from Neolithic times to. Early evidence of human settlements can be found in the form of graves lined with stone, with valuable items like amazonite jewelry being buried alongside the dead. Megalithic structures, also known as dolmens, and made from single large stones are prevalent throughout the country.
In the first part of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognized political state. After that, the peninsula was ruled by various states during the Three Kingdoms period (57 BCbetween 635 and 57 BC CE) including Baekje Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla. In addition, the northern region of the peninsula was occupied by the Balhae kingdom, which many historians do not believe to be a valid Korean state.
After the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states arose in the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Baekje, the most powerful of these states, was diminished by the fall of Goguryeo (676 CE), leaving it with only its southern regions in Manchuria, and western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy, prospered for a while.
The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to collaborate in order to expand their territories. Silla, with the help of the Chinese, eventually conquered and unified the peninsula in 935.
As Korea is entering the post-crisis phase the development paradigm of the country is in flux. The people who are awed by the huge cost of the old system are in favor of a comprehensive plan for liberalization of capital, labor and markets for products. On the other hand champions of the old system are seeking to protect it by using nationalist sentiments and exaggerating fears over potential job losses.
Academic and policy analysts remain sharply divided on the extent to the extent that these two trends are driving Koreas shift towards a new model of economic governance. This article examines developments to date by analyzing five phases of Korea's political evolution that include democratic illiberalism (1945-60) democratic authoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87) democratic paternalism (1987-2001) and democratic participation (2002 to present). This article also identifies some significant factors that may be shaping these processes.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have made progress in promoting their views to this group. A 2009 survey showed that nearly one-third of respondents were against evolution. Of the respondents, 41% believed there was not enough scientific evidence to support the theory 39% believed it was contrary to their religious beliefs; and 17 percent said they did not know what it meant. This level of disbelief is comparable to that in the United States, where a similar number of people do not believe that humans evolved from earlier species of life.
In the past, most of the anti-evolution movements in Korea was focused on educating college students and leading them to Christ. In 1980 an all-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the featured speakers. This event attracted a huge number of professors, church leaders, and scientists.
The success of this event led to the creation of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31, 1981. The event was extensively covered in the national media, including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times.
KACR started publishing a newsletter titled CREATION. In it, the organization reported on its own activities and published articles about scientific evidence for the existence of God. It also translated several slides and film strips from ICR as well as some books on the subject of creationism, which were published outside of Korea. KACR members gave lectures across the nation in universities and churches.
A KACR success was seen at KAIST University in Seoul. There, students were so fascinated by the concept of creationism that they raised enough money and support to construct a small museum on campus featuring creationist fossil models and other exhibits.
In addition to its work, KACR has published a bimonthly magazine, CREATION. This magazine covers topics in the field of creation science. It also hosted a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also established local branches that hold seminars and give talks to schoolchildren and other community groups.
Changes in South Korea
In the latter part of the nineteenth century and early twentieth century, Korea began to adopt an increasingly Westernized lifestyle. The hanbok, the traditional Korean dress, gave way to miniskirts and other style elements imported from abroad. Similarly, traditional Korean music styles were replaced with modern rock and roll and jazz. In the period of this transition, the famous samulnori or masked dancing-dramas were very popular. These dramatic pieces were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drummers and other musical instruments.
Korea's new development paradigm is being created in the aftermath of the economic crisis. The primary challenge facing the new regime is to find the right balance between state-led economic policies and market-based ones. It also requires changing incentives, monitoring, or discipline schemes that have been a part of the system prior the crisis. These issues are examined in Chapters 3 and 4.
Baekje was founded by Onjo the prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo was founded by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo, and other areas as well as migrant workers from northern China. In the early 4th century, Baekje was a major regional power and expanded its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. As a result, it was in frequent confrontation with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanderies across the border.
The decline of Silla in the late 8th and early 9th centuries saw powerful local factions to emerge. Gungye an eminent noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital. It also exerted control over part of the present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Later, he moved the capital to Wansanju and became a rival of Goguryeo.
His rule was however only for a short time. After his defeat, Gungye was replaced by an influential local leader, Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935, Later Baekje was incorporated peacefully into Goryeo as a successor state. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms, and strengthened the central government system. This marked the closing of the Three Kingdoms period. The Korean peninsula was then ruled by the Goryeo Dynasty. In the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo Baekje Silla slowly grew into powerful states on the peninsula, and in Manchuria.